Fullerenes Synthesis Extraction and Purification

Fullerenes Synthesis Extraction and Purification There are many methods to synthesis C60 and C70 in gram quantities in the laboratory. In addition, higher mass fullerenes (larger fullerenes molecules) can be produced and isolated , albeit in very small amounts [1]. Most methods for generation of large quantities of fullerenes produce a mixture of impurity molecules and stable fullerenes. For this reason, fullerene synthesis must be followed by processes of extraction and purification of fullerenes from impurities according to mass [1]. Synthesis of Fullerenes: Fullerene molecules can be synthesized in the laboratory in a wide variety of methods, all involving the formation of a carbon- rich vapour [1]. Early methods used laser evaporation technique which produces very small quantities of fullerenes [1]. The later approaches involve an electric discharge between graphite electrodes in He gas [10]. Laser Evaporation Technique: This method was used in 1984 for the first time by Rohlfing and others [8]. They noticed that carbon cluster Cn with a huge number of carbon atoms (more than 190) could be produced [9]. In 1985 Kroto, Smalley and co- workers used this technique to generate and detect the most stable carbon clusters [7]. This method involves vaporization of carbon species from the rotating graphite disk into a high density helium, using a Nd:YAG laser operation at 532nm, (fig2). The resulting carbon clusters were analysised by time -of- flight mass spectrometry. The first observation of the mass of C60 was a 720 amu peak. Although this approach produces minute quantities of fullerenes, it is still essential if when we use later modification. This modification will help to heat the dusk of graphite. Therefore, it gives remarkable control of fullerene distribution and the generation of specific fullerenes [2]. Arc Evaporation: There is no doubt that this technique is an efficient way to produce gram quantities of fullerenes in the laboratory [1]. For the formation of fullerenes by this technique, an arc is struck between two graphite electrodes in atmosphere of 100~200 torr of He. The contact between the electrodes is maintained by the influence of gravity. The apparatus is surrounded by water to cool the soot to achieve the resulting soot which may contain approximately 10-15% of soluble fullerenes [2]. The first design by Wudl and co- workers used a pyrex cylinder for the vacuum shroud. Although this gives a suitable method for visual inspection of the graphite electrodes through the well, the glass cylinder is easily damaged. For this reason, it is appropriate to change it with a stainsteel cylinder with a window [1]. Fullerene Extraction: In this process of fullerenes production, soluble impurity molecules and insoluble nanoscale carbon soot are generated with soluble fullerenes. Two effective methods are used to extract the fullerenes from the soot [1]. Solvent Methods: Solvent method is the most common method is used to dissolve the fullerenes in benzene, toluene (preferred over benzene due to its toxicity is lower) or other suitable solvent. However, the solvent also contains other soluble hydrocarbon impurities [2]. It can be separated soot and other insoluble molecules from the solution by filtration. The early method used Soxhelt extraction in a hot solvent to remove fullerenes from the soot. This technique is used where the molecules to be extracted from the solid state are soluble in organic solvent, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from coal. This apparatus consists of double thimble containing soot, fullerenes and other materials and at the bottom the solvent is boiled in the flask. The solvent vapors and rises to condense in the condenser unit, the solvent distills then the solution passes through the thimble wall. The solution which contains the extracted molecules returns to the flask. The molecules that are not soluble in the so lvent remain in the thimble. Another alternative method, the soot is separated in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature before sonicating the soot in an ultrasonic bath for 20 minute. Removing insoluble molecules by filtration and a rotary evaporator at 50Â °C are used to remove THF from the fullerenes. It can be noticed that the higher boiling point solvent and more polar isolate the higher mass fullerenes [1]. Sublimation Methods: It can be sublimated microcrystalline C60 and C70 powder at low temperature Ts~350Â °C (C60) and Ts~460Â °C (C70). For this reason, C60 and C70 can be separated directly from the soot without introducing solvents, such as benzene, toluene, carbon disulfide or hexane. This method provides a beneficial alternative to solvent extraction for some cases which are sensitive to contamination of solvent in the sample. In this approach, the raw soot is placed in a quartz tube and the whole apparatus is heated in a furnace. Dynamic pumping is preferred because it is likely the soot may contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons impurities. The raw arc soot in the end of tube is kept at the highest temperature T~600-700Â ° C. The higher mass fullerenes sublimate from the soot which then condenses in the colder section of the tube. Since the sublimation temperature of C70 and higher fullerenes are higher than that of C60, they will condense closer to the soot. The production of a C60 molecular beam fr om a microcrystalline mixture of C60 and C70 depends on the difference in sublimation temperature between C60 and C70. This microcrystalline mixture is placed in a dynamic vacuum and is heated above the sublimation temperature of C60. The sublimation rate for C60 in vacuum at T~400 Â °C is favored by a factor of 20 over that C70. A pure molecular beam of C60 can be obtained, because C70 is a factor of ~ 7 less abundant in arc soot than C60 [1]. Kratschmer et al [11] used the method of directly subliming fullerenes from the solid material. However, this does not provide pure fullerenes. Fullerene Purification: The previous methods of extraction may bring impurity molecules with the most stable fullerenes. The step of chemical purification must be carried out, if a pure fullerene microcrystalline powder or solution is desired. The step involves sublimation methods based on temperature gradients and solvent methods based on liquid chromatography. Fullerene purification means the separation of the different fullerenes in the fullerene extract into C60, C70, C76, C84 etc. Sensitive tools, such as liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), optical absorption spectroscopy and infrared [1]. Solvent Methods: The main technique for fullerene purification is liquid chromatography (LC). LC is a wet chemistry method which includes a solution ( called the mobile phase ) of a molecular mixture. This solution is forced to pass through a column filled with a high surface area solid (called the stationary phase ). The separation of fractions is verified qualitatively by the comparison of the observed optical spectra, vibration spectra and NMR data or by color ( magenta or purple for C60 in toluene and reddish- orange for C70 in toluene). Liquid chromatography separates molecules according to their weights. Moreover, this technique can be utilized to separate a single allotrope, such as C76, or to isolate isomers with different molecular shapes but having the same molecular weight, such as separating C78 with C2Ï… symmetry from C78 with D3 symmetry [1]. The liquid chromatography process involves chemical or physical interactions between a particular molecule and the stationary phase. This interaction reduces (or raises) the rate of migration for that molecule through the column or raises (or reduces) the retention time for that molecule. Remarkable chemical or physical differences for the molecular species, such as surface absorption, shape and mass are important to provide a clear chromatographic separation. Early approaches to C60, C70, and higher fullerenes purification included flash column chromatography of the raw fullerene in a column packed with neutral alumina as the stationary phase and hexane/toluene ( 95/5 volume % ) as the mobile phase. Although this process was found useful, it used abundant quantities of solvent that was difficult to recycle [1]. One of the first important development to this method was high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Philosophy of Truth Essay

There are many theories on the meaning of truth, and with those theories come beliefs and questions as to why one is more adequate than the others. The theory that I will discuss as the most adequate is the correspondence theory. Honestly, I don’t possess the capabilities to fully determine the most sufficient theory of truth. I do, however, have empirical evidence and solid reasoning to support the correspondence theory. There are many valid arguments and questions of this theory that I am not qualified to completely refute. For the sake of this essay I am only able to continue this age old discussion, not to conclude with an exact theory of truth to follow. First I will introduce the basic ideas of the correspondence theory and then I will show why I support these ideas. Then I will present what some other philosophers have said in regards to the correspondence theory and how I interpret these statements. To end, I will discuss the basic arguments against the correspondence theory, and show reasons as to why these arguments are applicable to any theory. The concept of the correspondence theory says that a statement is true only if the facts given match up with reality. (Solomon p. 268) This can be a very simple approach to determining the truth. The basic idea is that if, based on my understanding of reality, the statement given matches that reality then the statement is true. If the statement does not correspond to reality then it is false. A statement is a sentence that can be determined to be true or false but not both at the same time. So ultimately I use past experiences and beliefs to determine my concept of reality. Then, based on my idea of reality, I determine if a statement is either true or false. â€Å"To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, or of what is not that it is not, is true† (Solomon p 268) This was Aristotle’s belief in Metaphysics and seems to be a very clear-cut statement on how to determine truth. Either a statement is true or false. The law of contradiction says that a statement and its denial cannot both be true. (Solomon p. 266) This reinforces the belief that a statement cannot be true and false at the same time. As Aristotle also said in Metaphysics â€Å"It is impossible for the same man to suppose at the same time that the same thing is and is not. † (Solomon p 266) This however, as some still argue, does not solve the problem that what may true to one, may be false to another. If reality is based on my experiences, then having different experiences can cause different perceptions of reality. The argument of whom or what would determine the final truth is well beyond my qualifications. This can cause a contradiction of truth. This contradiction, based on an individual’s idea of reality, is another concept that I am able to only understand and take a position. I do not have the final answers to these arguments but I do have a perspective. An individual’s concept of reality is unique to that individual. Based on ones’ experiences comes that person’s concept of reality. Just because someone’s experiences cause them to believe one truth, doesn’t mean they are wrong if I believe another truth. This idea of reality is what causes philosophers to discuss different theories of truth and their credibility’s on many different levels. These extreme cases and abstract ideas is where the correspondence theory draws in the critics. I feel that some of these arguments, though valid, are applicable to any theory. The first argument of this theory roots from the name itself. This argument of the correspondence theory states that â€Å"there is no such thing as a statement or belief that by itself is capable of corresponding to anything. † (Solomon p268) This means that mainly because our words have different meanings in different languages there is not one single statement that can â€Å"correspond† to anything. I feel that this is a weak argument in that it would mean that nothing can be true. There are many different languages and there is no single word I know of that is universal. This argument could be applied to any theory of truth. If what I say is not true to everyone, then it is false. That seems to be the basis of this argument and because of this belief nothing could be true. To me that is an outrageous and un-realistic argument. The next point critics of the correspondence theory make is that there in some cases may be physical implications with verifying correspondence. One example of this for me may be my diabetes. If I say â€Å"my blood sugar is low† the only way to verify if that is true is through the use of my glucose meter. Without the correct equipment there is no way to tell if that statement is true. (At least until I’m in a coma! ). To me this still seems to have a simple solution; the truth isn’t known until it can be verified. I truly do not know if my blood sugar is low until I have tested it. This may cause me to have to rely on another person’s statement but then I can only form an opinion. If I cannot verify the truth physically then I do not know if it is true. This brings up the next argument. The final point I will talk about is that of abstract ideas. Some people will argue that the correspondence theory does not â€Å"work† for abstract ideas, such as love and feelings. These are difficult to verify since they are mostly feelings. There is no concrete source to â€Å"match† them up with. To find the truth in these areas is very difficult with any theory of truth. The best answer I have to counter this objection is that the truth to these abstract ideas is unique to every individual and is really more of an opinion. If someone says â€Å"I am hungry† that is really more of an opinion than a statement. Therefore these claims cannot be either true or false, they are a feeling and that is not for me to judge as truth or not. This leads me to conclude that the correspondence theory is the most adequate theory for determining truth. As long as a belief or statement corresponds with my perception of reality then it is the truth. Though there are valid arguments against this theory I feel that they are a stretch and can be argued against any theory of truth. Bibliography Solomon, Robert, Introducing Philosophy, 8th edition, (Oxford University Press, NY 2005) pp266-279.

Learning and Memory Paper Essay

Human memory has been a significant interest concerning how people develop memory and process memory. Researchers and educators are diligently interested on the neuroanatomical neural processes related to learning and the current literature, neuroanatomical and neural processes related to memory and the current literature. In addition, the relationship between learning and memory form functional perspective. Researchers discuss the reasons learning and memory are interdependent, and have performed testing through case studies using animal studies because they are most useful and replicable studies for understanding the learning-to-memory-link. The examples from research help researchers with solving the mystery of the memory processes. Researchers discuss the importance of lifelong learning and brain stimulation to longevity and quality of life to obtain knowledge and how the human individual develops their capabilities to obtain memory and how memory can affect human behaviors. To u nderstand the functional relationship between learning and memory we must first define what both learning and memory is. Learning is described as â€Å"the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, practice, or study, or by being taught† (Merriam-Webster, 2011). While â€Å"Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in the present† (Sternberg, 1999). Therefore, as one can tell memory is essential to all of our lives. Without a memory of the past, we cannot operate in the present or think about the future. We would not be able to remember what we did yesterday, what we have done today or what we plan to do tomorrow. Without memory, we could not learn anything. Learning and Memory are linked to cognitive abilities in both humans and animals. A well-known example to show the relationship between learning and memory is the classic rat in maze. Rats have been used in experimental mazes since at least the 20th century. Thousands of studies have examined how rat’s run different types of mazes, from T-maze to radial arm mazes to water mazes. These maze studies are used to study spatial learning and memory in rats. Maze studies helped uncover general principles about learning that can be applied to many species, including humans. Today, mazes are used to determine whether different treatments or conditions affect learning and memory in rats. To take a step further, According to Kolata al, 2005 case study the tasks that comprise the learning battery (e.g., Lashley lll maze, passive avoidance, spatial water maze, order discrimination, fear conditioning) were explicitly chosen so that each one places unique sensory, motor, motivational, and information processing demands on the animals. Briefly, performance in the Lashley lll maze depends on animals’ use of fixed motor patterns (egocentric navigation) motivated by a search for food. Passive avoidance is an operant conditioning paradigm in which the animals must learn to be passive in order to avoid aversive light and noise stimulation. The spatial water maze encourages the animals to integrate spatial information to efficiently escape from a pool of water. Odor discrimination is a task in which animals must discriminate and use a target odor to guide their search for food. Finally, fear conditioning (assessed by behavioral freezing) is a conditioning test in which the animals learn to associate a tone with a shock. We reported a positive correlation between the aggregate performance of individual outbred mice in the learning battery described above and their subsequent ability to accommodate competing demands on their spatial working memory capacity. Specifically, we observe that when mice required performing in two arm mazes concurrently (a manipulation intended to place demands on working memory capacity), their performance in the target maze positively correlated with their general learning abilities. These results are suggestive of a relationship between working memory capacity and general learning abilities in mice. Memory is the process by which information is saved as knowledge and retained for further use as needed. Neuroanatomy, is the study of a particular nerve and are located, or rather memory is stored diffusely through the structures of the brain that particularly in its original state. There are four neural structures that play a role in memory. For example, (1) hippocampus and (2) perirhinal cortex have roles in spatial and object memory and (3) the mediodorsal nucleus and (4) the basal forebrain are implicated in memory. The medial temporal lobe memory system, is part of the system for memory in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), this neural system consists of the hippocampus and adjacent anatomically related cortex, including entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices. According to (Squire, Larry R.: Zola-Morgan, Stuart, 1991,)†These structures are essentially for establishing long-term memory for facts and events (declarative memory). The MTL memory system is needed to bind together the distrusted storage sites in neocortex that represent a whole memory. However, the role of this system is only temporary.†P1. When time goes on after learning, our memory stored in neocortex slowly and eventually becomes independent of MTL structures. Rats have been used in experimental mazes since at least the 20th century. Thousands of studies have examined how rat’s run different types of mazes, from T-maze to radial arm mazes to water mazes. These maze studies are used to study spatial learning and memory in rats. Maze studies helped uncover general principles about learning that can be applied to many species, including humans. Today, mazes are used to determine whether different treatments or retrieval is established, encoding processes that initiate priming and explicit memory have not yet been anatomically separated, and we investigate then using event related functional magnetic resonance imaging. According to (Schott, Bjorn H.: Richardson-Klavehn, Alan; Henson Richard N. A; Becker, Christine; Heinze, Hans-Jochen; Duzel, Emrah, 2006,)†Activations precedicting later explicit memory occurred in the bilateral medial temporal lobe (MTL) and left prefrontal cortex (PFC). Activity predicting later priming did not occur in these areas, but rather in the bilateral extrastriate cortex, left fusiform gyrus, and bilateral inferior PFC, areas linked with stimulus identification,† P 2. However, these areas showed response reductions, and researchers results, illustrated that priming and explicit memory have distinctive functional neuroanatomies concerning encoding with MTL activations being strictly for explicit memory, and influence that priming is initiated by sharpness of neural responding in stimulus identification areas, that are consistent with recent electrophysiological evidence regarding priming related neural oscillations at encoding. Lifelong learning and brain stimulation are essential to mental and physical health, especially in old age. Throughout life, learning is what allows us to adapt to new situations, and learn how to survive and thrive in our current environment at any given time. As we learn, our brain becomes more active, taking in new information and comparing it with old. The new data is either corroborated by the old, or there is a conflict, at which point we must use judgment to determine which information we should keep and what we should discard. Learning can never stop, or it would mean the end of growth, and possibly the end of life, for an individual. Our environment changes every day, and new stimuli are encountered. Even if we have knowledge of what cars and streets are, and know how to practice safety when they are near, we are presented with new combinations and variables on these constructs every day. We must constantly assess the people and places around us, analyze them, and apply any new information to what we already know. This process, some would argue, is what makes us alive, intelligent creatures at the top of our ecological food chain. As for quality of life, very little is more important than keeping the brain active. As we age, the brain and its synaptic processes slow down and decay. Older people are more prone to dementia and other degenerative diseases. Working word puzzles or simply keeping a part time job to occupy the brain and keep it active and learning can extend the quality of life for any aging individuals, doing the same thing, while young can have the same effect. Our mental health is tied closely to our survival and our quality of living. If we can keep our brain learning, it can stay active and alert much longer than if we sit in front of screens and stop learning early in life. Human memory has been a significant interest concerning how people develop memory and process memory. From inspirational design in testing using animals, such a mice and mice being the greater source of exp erimental advances in research in the investigation of memory and human subject use. Researchers have unfolded how memory is developed, through the experiments of these subjects. Although, there is still much more investigation greed towards how memory effects how we learn, to how we store memory and process memory. We must continue the investigation; whereas so many people suffer memory dysfunctions; due to human illnesses and diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, brain damage and learning process needs. Bio-psychologist, work closely with other fields of psychology, biological factors and psychological factors that play a role in the memory processes. Learning can be defined as the process in which one’s experiences are combined into memory. One type of the traditional learning is school learning; this is done by incorporating textbook facts in which is called declarative memory. Not only does one have declarative memory, but also learning of procedural memories. Declarative memory is an explicit memory, a type of long-term memory in which one will store memories of fact (Psychology Glossary). Having memories of things, such as when Columbus sailed to America or on what day and time your baby brother was born, one has declarative memories. Procedural memory is the most basic form of memory. For example, this type of memory is used for procedures or furthermore the basic associations between stimuli and responses (Psychology Glossary). Having the memory of riding a bike is an example of procedural memory. Once an individual has learned what the proper procedure for riding a bike, it is then stored within the procedural memory. The limbic system actually focuses on the frontal lobe and the hippocampus. This system communicates by shooting of the electrical impulses in one’s neurons (Morin 2009). The neurons then become accountable for the storing of information. Brain plasticity refers to the ability for nerve cells to change through new experiences. These neurons take the information when an individual has been exposed to the stimulus to be learned. The retrieving of information is somewhat of a different process, however still maintains some of the same comparisons. Retrieving information becomes an activity of â€Å"re-activating† of those neurons. For both the long-term memory and the short-term memory these types of memories are then stored into many different places. The long-term memory process ensures that an individual will store these memories permanently (Morin 2009). This includes the changes to the cell structure and the creation of the new and unused synapses. Synapses are the junction between the neurons where a neural cell will communicate with a target cell. This is done when translating stimuli into a storage system that is used by the brain, linking the encoded stimuli in the memory and then accessing the memory of the stimuli at the time when it is needed, otherwise known as encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. REFERENCES Kolata, S., Light, K., Townsend, D.A., Hale, G., Grossman, H.C., Matzel, L.D. (2005) Variations in working memory capacity predict individual differences in general learning abilities among genetically diverse mice. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 84:241–246. Learning. 2011. In Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved Jan 16, 2013, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/learning Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Cognitive psychology (2 nd ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Neuroanatomical Dissociation of Encoding Processes Relater to Priming and Explicit Memory. By: Schott, Bjorn H.: Richardson-Klavehn, Alan; Henson, Richard N. A.: Becker, Christine; Heinze, Hans-Jochen; Duzel, Emrah. Journal of Neuroscience. 1/18/2006, Vol. 26 Issue 3, p792-800, 9p. 5 The Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System Squire, Larry R.; Zola-Morgan, Stuart Science, Vol. 253(5026), Sep 1991, 1380-1386. doi: 10.1126/science. 1896849 Fernandez, A. (2007). Brain Exercise and Lifelong Learning for Alzheimer’s Prevention Alzheimer Disease. Article Directory – Find, Search, Reprint & Submit Articles for Free. Retrieved November 02, 2010, from http://www.articlesphere.com/Article/Brain- Exercise-and-Lifelong-Learning-for-Alzheimer-s-Prevention/94361 Salthouse, T. A. (2006). Mental Exercise and Mental Aging. Evaluating the Validity of the â€Å"Use It or Lose It† Hypothesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(1), 68-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00005.x Morin, Chrisophe; September 14, 2009 The Neural Basis of Learning Psychology Glossary; www.alleydog.com

life cycle of stars Essay - 2519 Words

LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR Stars are formed in nebulae, interstellar clouds of dust and gas (mostly hydrogen). These stellar nurseries are abundant in the arms of spiral galaxies. In these stellar nurseries, dense parts of these clouds undergo gravitational collapse and compress to form a rotating gas globule. The globule is cooled by emitting radio waves and infrared radiation. It is compressed by gravitational forces and also by shock waves of pressure from supernova or the hot gas released from nearby bright stars. These forces cause the roughly-spherical globule to collapse and rotate. The process of collapse takes from between 10,000 to 1,000,000 years. A Central Core and a Protoplanetary Disk: As the collapse proceeds, the†¦show more content†¦Stars like our Sun live for about 10 billion years. Stars less massive than the Sun have even longer life spans. The energy the star gains by fusing these atoms keeps it from collapsing. If a star is massive enough, it will fuse heavier and heavier atoms -- hydrogen to heluim, heluim to carbon, carbon to ... until ... elements are fused into iron. Fusing iron to form heavier elements actually requires energy, so the star would not gain anything by continuing fusion of iron atoms. Most of the stars life is spent fusing hydrogen into helium. Our sun has been doing this for some five billion years, and is expected to continue doing it for another five billion or so years. This hydrogen burning starts from the very center of the star, and moves its way out, leaving a core of helium behind. Low Mass Stars If the star is small enough (much less than the mass of our Sun), it never gets beyond hydrogen burning. This is because its central temperature never gets high enough to start fusing helium into carbon. Once such a star has used up most of its hydrogen, it will begin to cool and collapse into a quot;brown dwarfquot;. Intermediate Mass Stars Stars with masses close to that of our Sun (up to about five times the mass of our Sun) will experience helium-to-carbon burning in their cores. Outside the helium core, hydrogen will continue burning into helium. At this point, the outer layers of the star will expand to conserve energy --Show MoreRelatedLife Cycle of Stars2606 Words   |  11 PagesLIFE CYCLE OF A STAR Stars are formed in nebulae, interstellar clouds of dust and gas (mostly hydrogen). These stellar nurseries are abundant in the arms of spiral galaxies. In these stellar nurseries, dense parts of these clouds undergo gravitational collapse and compress to form a rotating gas globule. The globule is cooled by emitting radio waves and infrared radiation. 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Disadvantaged Student Essay Samples Ideas

Disadvantaged Student Essay Samples Ideas Working with these kinds of students requires communication. Women are facing challenges when they're championing for social shift. Be certain to include the specifics of the most important obstacles that you've overcome to reach increased education. To begin with, as these students have constraints in their families as a consequence of poverty, they are very likely to have lower numeracy and literacy outcomes. Finding the Best Disadvantaged Student Essay Samples I believe in helping others who do not have a lot of in life. In truth, it would be better to say I know there are several worthy candidates for this scholarship, but than to say I've suffered a lot more than Show respect in all you write. Because of this, everybody should be in a position to pursue higher education. Education is the largest game changer. Then, student loans might be a good way to help students by giving them an opportunity to still have the ability to at tend college without the assistance of financial aid but there's also a downfall to student loans too. Students will also have a far increased opportunity in the work market as well if they had the ability to acquire a college degree. The student should be placed at the middle of the procedure for change, with the emphasis not just on the student but on the individual student at the centre. If you are are a really strong student, avoid writing about school. You can receive the most out of the high school experience. The skills you will have the ability to learn in college are extremely different from high school teaching. While classes are farther apart, there's more time between classes. For instance, if you're the kind of student that doesn't do well scholarly, you would select a level three class. 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Mobile Applications For Pregnancy And Maternal Health

ISIT930 Assignment 1 Introduction The internet has become a frequently used source for women to look up information related to pregnancy and maternal health [1]. Private and governmental web sited are providing information to these women. There are also many mobile applications that focus on women’s health [2]. However, the quality, usability and reliability of these applications and websites are often questionable. Women use search engines to answer their questions, often comparing answers from multiple sources. When these sources contradict each other, it can be hard to know which source to trust [3]. This review on mobile advancements and apps, because it is relevant and there are a lot of new developments and research. In Australia over 90% have access to the internet, and a large part of the population have access to a smartphone as well [4]. Furthermore, there are a lot of potential in mobile applications targeting pregnancy and maternal health. The existing mobile applications are lacking in quality and usability. They are also not easily trusted. Marketing of good pregnancy and maternal health mobile applications is rare. If the application is marketed it is usually only marketed by the company who created it. Health professionals are not recommending good mobile application for their patients unless approached on the matter [3, 4]. Method The search for articles was performed using the database Scopus. As the review in health consumer informatics should be recent,Show MoreRelatedApplication Of Mobile Phone Application977 Words   |  4 Pageshighly demand of rapid health information has led to more inventions in telemedicine technologies. In addition, smartphones and accessibility of the Internet connection have contributed significantly to evolve telemedicine applications to provide better health delivery system (Ngabo et al., 2012). (Free et al., 2013) also states that in health sector particularly in developing countries, using mobile phone have many positive impacts, for instance, improving communication in health information systemRead MoreThe Effect Of Text Messaging And Mobile Applications1782 Words   |  8 Pagesbehavior during women’s pregnancies is an important factor in preventing maternal mortality, maternal morbidity, premature birth, stillbirth, perinatal death, neonatal death and low birth wei ght. As in the rest of the world, mobile phone applications and text messaging are widely used in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) in Asia that have major burdens of maternal deaths and preterm births. This type of communication has also been explored in interventions to improve health outcomes for a varietyRead MoreUnderstanding Telehealth Section 1 : Modalities / Models High Risk7098 Words   |  29 Pagesregular ultrasound and show blood flow, structure, and heart rhythm (2). Each of these test results can then be read in the office or remotely via real time teleultrasounds and video technology. Additionally, common medical complications in high-risk pregnancies, such as hypertension and diabetes, can be remotely monitored through the use of a handheld or wearable device and can also be used as an educational/counseling tool. Increasingly, high-risk obstetrical telehealth is making its way into the homeRead MorePatient Disparities And Mobile Internet Health Solutions3148 Words   |  13 PagesPatient Disparities and Mobile Internet Health Solutions Mobile health (mHealth) is the practice of public healthcare and medicine supported by mobile devices. The use of mobile communication technology in health care is rapidly expanding as mobile phones, tablet computers, personal data assistants (PDA) are becoming well developed. The field of mHealth has emerged as a subdivision of electronic health (eHealth) for the use of information and communication technology. In industrialized areas, theRead MoreEffects Of Stress On Fetal Development1978 Words   |  8 Pagesfirst began in the mid 1950s (Wadhwa, 2005). Stress is an overarching term that can cover different areas and is something that is ever-present in life, it can be ‘acute’ and therefore only be small, or it can have serious effects on individual’s health and become ‘chronic’ (desAnges Cruser, Hall, Jones, Mummert, Mummert and Podawiltz, 2012). In relation to this essay stress is when our mental and physical state can be distressed by a react ion to a certain stimulus. When people react to these stimuliRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility in Ranbaxy Laboratories10038 Words   |  41 Pagestowards sustainable development. CONTENTS i. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 1. Global Health Report Card †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 2.1. Child Mortality Rate.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.................................3 2.2. HIV/AIDS.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................................3 2.3. Tuberculosis.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 2.4. Maternal Mortality Rate.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...................................4 2.5. Malaria.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreEffects Of Smoking On The United States1841 Words   |  8 PagesIn the United States, tobacco use is the number one cause of preventable death. Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with many adverse health effects and 70% of adult smokers started smoking when they were adolescents. The World Health Organization’s definition of adolescence is a period of development that corresponds to the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years. This age group is vulnerable to initiate risky behaviors such as cigarette smoking. According to the Surgeon General’s reportRead MoreHigh Risk Pregnancy2180 Words   |  9 PagesHigh Risk Pregnancy -pregnant with a concurrent medical disease -with pregnancy related complication -presence of external factor that jeopardizes the health of the mother, the fetus, or both [pic] Candidiasis (Moniliasis) INCIDENCE: †¢ 75% of women will have at least 1 episode of VVC with 40-45% having 2 or more episodes ETIOLOGIC AGENT: †¢ Candida albicans, Candida glabrata MODE OF TRANSMISSION normal flora of the skin vagina not consideredRead Morehealth promotion: concept analysis Essay examples4054 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿The Concept Analysis of Health Promotion Abstract Health promotion (HP) is a multi-dimensional and complex concept which the researcher is frequently used and defined in different ways. One of the nursing roles for nurses is the promoter of health; therefore it would be useful to attempt to clarify the concept. This article develops a concept analysis is to clarify the meaning of an existing concept of HP using the process developed by Pender, Murdaugh, and Parsons (2006). The method suggestedRead MoreUndernutrition10134 Words   |  41 Pagespromotion of good growth, health, and behavioral and cognitive developmentmothers are empowered to initiate breastfeeding within one hour of birth, breastfeed exclusively for the first six months and continue to breastfeed for two years or more, together with nutritionally adequate, safe, age appropriate, responsive complementary feeding starting at six months.   Maternal nutrition is also important for ensuring good nutrition status of the infant as well as safeguarding womens health.   . The Deadly Opposition

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

Question: Discuss about the Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. Answer: Introduction Quick Response code or QR code is a two dimensional matrix barcode, which was seen to be first initiated for automotive industry in Japan. The later on adaptations of the code was seen to be done in several types of the other industries ranging from item identification, general marketing, and document management. Some of the main uses of the code have been evident in form of Scanning of the QR code on a newspaper article and one can go straight to a mobile website, which provides additional information. Some of the other benefits has been further seen in downloading the coupon for the supermarket, sending instant text to enter promotions and the sending of tour dates (Diazgranados and Funk 2013). The marketer needs to decide some parameters to figure the reasons, which are seen to be associated to the consumption process of the individuals. The five steps of the consumer decision-making process have been seen in terms of the implementation need recognition, searching for the information, evaluating the alternatives, deciding the Actual Purchase of the Product or the Service. The final step involves evaluation of the post purchasing decisions (Yao and Shin 2013). The main implementation of the QR code is seen to applicable in first stage and the final stage of the consumer decision-making process. In the very first stage, the decision of the applicability of the QR code needs to be evaluated. This will be able to show whether the QR code can be applicable in the first place. The fifth stage of the consumer decision-making process will be able to provide various types of the supporting activities and additional services. This has been already mentioned in the form of McDonalds by providing the nutritional value and several types of other feedback process which is associated to the fifth stage (Agusta et al. 2013). Marketing opportunities of QR code technology in the service sector and drawing relevant examples In the recent times, numerous marketing opportunities has been identified in terms of the building of a active consumer base and forming of various types of communities for contributing in the overall growth of the business. The relevant examples have been drawn from the relevant sectors and these has been listed below as follows: Retail Sector For viewing for product specifications the customers are able to scan the QR code. Some of the other applications in the retail industry have been seen in terms of reviewing the products. Retail companies such as Amazon, Nordstorm, Rebecca Minkoff and Walgreens (Charoensiriwath et al. 2015). Financial Sector In the financial sector the application has been seen in terms of the easy bill payments and convenience of the doing the payments through mobile. The application of the same has been already evident in terms of the Toyota Financial Services. It has enabled several options to make bill payments of the financial services through QR codes (Tarjan et al. 2014). Health Services The implementation of the QR codes in the health sector has been identified in terms of quick booking of an appointment with the doctor (Belussi and Hirata 2013). Public Sector Transport In some of the most noted cities such as Austin and Texas, the incorporation of the QR code has been identified in public transport, by providing the customers with the information on the running time of the buses and map of the individual bus stops along with the arriving stop (Lin, Chang and Wu 2013). Bypassing of multiple layers of distribution and support marketing in service sectors As per the given case study the streamlining of the distribution process has seen to be applied in terms of facilitating the customers with the appropriate information for searching for health related issues, ingredients and several types of recipes(Lin et al. 2015). The main types of the advantages has been already been observed in terms of reducing the cost of advertising, forming of community and associating the same with the social media websites such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook. Some of the other benefits in this aspect can be also seen in terms of product distribution and providing the option for easy tracking and overall distribution process. In general, it has been observed that the QR codes have been linked to a relevant service. In cases of ad magazines the QR codes provides the consumers with the option to a detailed specification of a particular product or service just by scanning the QR code. In this manner, the consumers are able to get particular details on the product and this contributes to the overall risk associated to the products within service sector. Some of the other benefits has been further seen in form of the identifying the risk. This is seen in terms of the associated risk in terms of product features, product pricing and the associated benefits. The risk perceiving has been also seen to be evident in terms of wine purchases, the QR code has influenced in negotiating the consumers for complex purchase process. The consumers are not only able view the various features of the product able to evaluate the different types of the risk associated with the purchasing decisions. The main advantage of the int egration has been mainly identifying in terms of the simplifying the overall purchasing process (Bani-Hani, Wahsheh and Al-Sarhan 2014). Other interactive content and information, which may be developed in future to support service operations and customer satisfaction Some of the interactive process has been identified in terms of supporting customer satisfaction and various types of the service operations by upgrading of the existing services. For instances, the services provided by the internet radio and the online television can offer their subscribers to upgrade their current package with a simple QR code. This will eliminate the hassle of visiting the website and navigating through the upgrade options. This will also enable the customers for the upgrading of the service by just scanning the QR code. The other advantages has been identified in terms of providing the after sales service. The various provisions for the after sales service will enable the consumers to book for after sales service with the QR Code. Some of the various types of the other advantages of the implementation process can be observed in terms of the feedback provided for the individual services (Park, Kim and Park 2014). Conclusion The report has been able to present an extensive knowledge of the application of the relevant QR code technology for relating the theories and concepts of the service marketing. The main benefits of the implementation have been identified in terms of the first and the fifth stage of the consumer decision-making process. The report has been able to show the relevant benefits in terms of retail, financial health and public sector transportation. Some of the main benefits of the study have been further identified in terms of the making reductions in the forming of a community, advertising and integration of the QR services in the social media platforms like Instagram, Twitter and Facebook. Some of the other aspects of the discussions have been able to suggest on the risk perceived of the products in the service sectors. Reference List Agusta, G. M., Hulliyah, K., Arini and Bahaweres, R. B. (2013) Applying merging convetional marker and backpropagation neural network in QR code augmented reality tracking, International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, 6(5), pp. 19181948. Bani-Hani, R. M., Wahsheh, Y. A. and Al-Sarhan, M. B. (2014) Secure QR code system, in 2014 10th International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology, IIT 2014, pp. 16. doi: 10.1109/INNOVATIONS.2014.6985772. Belussi, L. F. F. and Hirata, N. S. T. (2013) Fast component-based QR code detection in arbitrarily acquired images, in Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, pp. 277292. doi: 10.1007/s10851-012-0355-x. Charoensiriwath, C., Surasvadi, N., Pongnumkul, S. and Pholprasit, T. (2015) Applying QR code and mobile application to improve service process in Thai hospital, in Proceedings of the 2015 12th International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, JCSSE 2015, pp. 114119. doi: 10.1109/JCSSE.2015.7219781. Diazgranados, M. and Funk, V. (2013) Utility of QR codes in biological collections, PhytoKeys, 25, pp. 2134. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.25.5175. Lin, S. S., Hu, M. C., Lee, C. H. and Lee, T. Y. (2015) Efficient QR Code Beautification With High Quality Visual Content, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 17(9), pp. 15151524. doi: 10.1109/TMM.2015.2437711. Lin, Y. H., Chang, Y. P. and Wu, J. L. (2013) Appearance-based QR code beautifier, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 15(8), pp. 21982207. doi: 10.1109/TMM.2013.2271745. Park, H., Kim, T. and Park, J. (2014) QR code alteration for augmented reality interactions, in ISMAR 2014 - IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality - Science and Technology 2014, Proceedings, pp. 293294. doi: 10.1109/ISMAR.2014.6948456. Tarjan, L., enk, I., Tegeltija, S., Stankovski, S. and Ostojic, G. (2014) A readability analysis for QR code application in a traceability system, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 109, pp. 111. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2014.08.015. Yao, H. and Shin, D. (2013) Towards preventing QR code based attacks on android phone using security warnings, Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGSAC symposium on Information, computer and communications security - ASIA CCS 13, p. 341. doi: 10.1145/2484313.2484357.